Arena, John D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4322-4472
Stewart, William https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-2582
Schneider, Andrea L. C.
Robinson, John L.
Donahue, Rebecca P. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6856-1932
Irwin, David J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5599-5098
Wolk, David A.
Lee, Edward B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-1180
Smith, Douglas H.
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T32NS043126)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS137500)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U54NS115322)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS137500)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U54NS115322)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K23NS123340)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS137500)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U54NS115322)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS137500)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U54NS115322)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T32NS043126)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/Y008502/1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P01AG066597)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P01AG084497)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P30AG072979)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P30AG072979)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P01AG066597)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P01AG084497)
Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.