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Article History

Received: 9 September 2025

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Competing interests

: R.S. received consulting fees and/or honoraria from AbbVie, BMS, Eli Lilly and Company, Gebro, MSD, Pfizer, Roche and Sanofi; participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Pfizer and Sanofi; and has received educational grants from AbbVie, Pfizer and BMS. C.P.-G. has been an advisory board member for Alfa Signa lab; has received speaker honorariums from AbbVie, Lilly and Alga Sigma; and has received research grants to institution from Societat Catalana Reumatologia and Sociedad Española de Reumatología. G.S. received speaker honorariums from AbbVie, BMS, Eli Lilly and Company, Alpha sigma and Pfizer, and has received advisory honoraria from AbbVie and MSD. A.E.-C. has been an advisory board member or has received speaker honoraria from BMS, AbbVie, Lilly and Pfizer. M.L.-L. has been an advisory board member for AbbVie and Galapagos; and has received speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Galapagos, Pfizer, MSD and UCB. B.F.-S. has received speaker honoraria from AbbVie, GSK, AstraZeneca, Novartis, MSD, Galapagos and BMS; and has received travel grants from Lilly, Pfizer, GSK and AbbVie Galapagos. F.J.B. reports payment to the institution from Gedeon Richter Plc., Bristol Myers Squibb International corporation (BMSIC), Sun Pharma Global FZE, Celgene Corporation, Janssen Cilag International N.V, Janssen Research & Development, Viela Bio, Inc., AstraZeneca AB, UCB BIOSCIENCES GMBH, UCB BIOPHARMA SPRL, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co.KG, Merck KGaA, Amgen, Inc., Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A., Boehringer Ingelheim España, S.A, CSL Behring, LLC, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Limited, Pfizer Inc, Lilly S.A., Corbus Pharmaceuticals Inc., Biohope Scientific Solutions for Human Health S.L., Centrexion Therapeutics Corp., Sanofi, MEIJI FARMA S.A., Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica Del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Grünenthal and Galapagos. I.P.-N. received speaker honoraria from UCB and Novartis. R.O.-C. has received speaker honoraria from BMS, AbbVie, Lilly and Pfizer. A.D.G.-C. has been an advisory board member for Sanofi and Lilly; has received speaker honoraria from Sanofi, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB and Vifor; has received a consulting honorarium from Sanofi; has received advisory honoraria from Sanofi, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB and AbbVie; and has received travel grants from Sanofi, AbbVie, Pfizer and UCB. J.F.G.-L. has received speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Lilly, Gebro, Grünenthal and Novartis; has received research grants to institution from Novartis and Galápagos; and has received travel grants from Nordic, Gebro, Rovi, AbbVie, Lilly, AstraZeneca, UCB and Jansen. S.C.-Q. has received speaker honoraria from Janssen, AbbVie, Lilly, Novartis, UCB and Theramex. J.R. reports educational and scientific outreach lectures from Novartis, Chiesi, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Vifor-Fresenius and Grünenthal; and DSMB fees from CZ Vaccines, all outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no competing interests.