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Article History

Received: 19 February 2026

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 10 May 2026

Competing interests

: J.B. received honoraria for lectures/consulting from Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior Pharmaceuticals, CVRx, Edwards, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche and Zoll and research support for the department from Abiomed, CVRx, Norgine, Roche and Zoll. S.D.S. has received research grants from Alexion, Alnylam, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bellerophon, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boston Scientific, BridgeBio, Cytokinetics, Edgewise, Gossamer, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Intellia, Lexicon, Lilly, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Tenaya, Theracos and US2.AI and has consulted for Abbott Laboratories, Action, Akros, Alexion, Alnylam, American Regent, Amgen, AnaCardio, Arena, AskBio, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, BridgeBio, Cardior Pharmaceuticals, Cardurion, CellProthera, Corvia, Cytokinetics, DiNAQOR, GlaxoSmithKline, Intellia, Lilly, Moderna, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Quantum Genomics, Recordati, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Sarepta, Synhale, Tenaya, Theracos, Tremeau and Valo. S.D.A. reports grants from Abbott Laboratories and CSL/Vifor and personal fees for consultancies, trial committee work and/or lectures from Actimed, Alleviant, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Berlin Heals, BiMyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Brahms, Cardiac Dimensions, Cardior Pharmaceuticals, Cordio, Corvia, CSL/Vifor, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Edwards, Impulse Dynamics, Lilly, Mankind Pharma, Novo Nordisk, Occlutech, Pfizer, Pulnovo, Regeneron, Relaxera, Repairon, Scirent, Sensible Medical, Vectorious, Veru, VisCardia, Vivus and V-Wave. S.D.A. is a named co-inventor of two patent applications regarding MR-proANP (DE 102007010834 and DE 102007022367) but does not benefit personally from the related issued patents. I.A.-M. reports honoraria for lectures, advisory board and/or consulting from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior Pharmaceuticals and Daiichi Sankyo. R.A.d.B. reports research grants and/or fees from Abbott Laboratories, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb and Novo Nordisk; speaker engagements with and/or received fees from and/or service on an advisory board for Abbott Laboratories, AstraZeneca and Novo Nordisk. G.F. reports lecture fees and/or advisory and/or trial committee membership for Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior Pharmaceuticals, Impulse Dynamics, Medtronic, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Servier and Vifor and research grants from the European Union. T.F. reports receiving institutional grants from the European Commission, the Federal Joint Committee and the German Research Foundation and personal fees for statistical consultancies, including data monitoring committees, from Actimed Therapeutics, Apellis, argenx, Aslan, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Berlin Heals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biogen, Biosense Webster, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, CVRx, Daiichi Sankyo, eCovery, Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, IQVIA, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, PINK! Aktiv gegen Brustkrebs, PPD, Priothera, Recardio, Recordati, Relaxera, Roche, Sarfez, Upstream Bio, Viatris, VICO Therapeutics and Vifor. W.H. is an employee of Cardior Pharmaceuticals, a Novo Nordisk Company. P.P. received consultancy fees and speakers’ honoraria from Abbott Vascular, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Moderna, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relaxera, Servier, Vifor and WhiteSwell. O.V. received honoraria for consulting from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardior Pharmaceuticals, Cytokinetics and Novo Nordisk and research support to her institution from AstraZeneca, Bayer and Cardurion. R.A., M.G. and K.V. are employees of Novo Nordisk A/S. T.T. is the founder, CSO, CMO and Managing Director of Cardior Pharmaceuticals, a Novo Nordisk company.