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Authors
Card, Nicholas S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6858-268X
Singer-Clark, Tyler
Peracha, Hamza
Iacobacci, Carrina
Hou, Xianda https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2066-8561
Wairagkar, Maitreyee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9546-2843
Fogg, Zachery
Offenberg, Elena C. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7314-1536
Hochberg, Leigh R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-2273
Stavisky, Sergey D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-0573
Brandman, David M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3224-7019
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Burroughs Wellcome Fund (N/A)
Burroughs Wellcome Fund (N/A)
A. P. Giannini Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship and Leadership Award
Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation (N/A)
VHA Office of Research and Development | Rehabilitation Research and Development Service (A2295-R)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NIH Office of the Director (1DP2DC021055)
United States Department of Defense | Office of the Secretary of Defense (AL220043)
Searle Scholars Program
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association (23-SGP-652)
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Article History
Received: 22 July 2025
Accepted: 16 April 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Competing interests
: S.D.S. is an inventor on intellectual property owned by Stanford University that has been licensed to Blackrock Neurotech and Neuralink Corp. M.W., S.D.S., N.S.C. and D.M.B. have patent applications related to speech BCI owned by the Regents of the University of California including IP that has been licensed to the neurotechnology industry. S.D.S. is an advisor to Sonera and Subsense and was previously a consultant to Neuralink. D.M.B. was a surgical consultant to Paradromics at the time of data collection and is currently an advisor to Globus Medical. The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement with Neuralink, Synchron, Axoft, Precision Neuro and Reach Neuro, for which L.R.H. provides consultative input. Mass General Brigham (MGB) is convening the Implantable BCI Collaborative Community (iBCI-CC); charitable gift agreements to MGB, including those received to date from Paradromics, Synchron, Precision Neuro, Neuralink and Blackrock Neurotech, support the iBCI-CC, for which L.R.H. provides effort. The other authors declare no competing interests.
