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Authors
Stanley, Chloe
Mallik, Ritwika
Hamid, Nausheen
Jassil, Friedrich C.
Reuven, Victoria
Ruwona, Tapiwa
Dicken, Samuel J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5663-1715
Qamar, Sulmaaz
Norton, Benjamin
Kingett, Helen
Pucci, Andrea
Magee, Cormac
Boniface, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0320-5234
Batterham, Rachel L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5477-8585
Devalia, Kalpana
Mok, Jessica
Elkalaawy, Mohamed
Loy, John
Jenkinson, Andrew
Markakis, Haris
Adamo, Marco
Brown, Alanna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-3251
Makaronidis, Janine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-2871
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novo Nordisk (ISS Scheme)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR UCLH BRC (BRC530))
Sir Jules Thorn Charitable Trust (Salary contribution and consumable support)
NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre
NIHR UCL/UCLH Biomedical Research Centre Obesity Theme
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 20 April 2026
First Online: 22 May 2026
Competing interests
: S.J.D. receives royalties from Amazon for a self-published book, payments from Red Pen Reviews as a contributor, consultancy work for Consensus and Androlabs, and travel fees from a USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture grant. R.L.B. reports honoraria from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Medscape, ViiV Healthcare and International Medical Press, and advisory board and consultancy work for Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Gila Therapeutics, Epitomee Medical and ViiV Healthcare; from May 2023, they are an employee and shareholder of Eli Lilly. J.L. received an honorarium from Eli Lilly to deliver a talk at the 2025 BOMSS scientific meeting. B.N. has received research support from Aqua Medical unrelated to this work. C.S., T.R., A.B., J. Makaronidis and R.M. are supported by the UCLH NIHR BRC. J. Makaronidis has received institutional funding from Novo Nordisk and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, and research funding from the NIHR, the Sir Jules Thorne Charitable Trust and the Society for Endocrinology (UK). J. Makaronidis was funded to attend the 2024 UKCO conference by Novo Nordisk. J. Makaronidis obtained funding from commercial organizations for the purpose of organizing conferences and educational events on behalf of the Association for the Study of Obesity (UK) in a voluntary role as the organization’s sponsorship lead in 2025. The other authors declare no competing interests.
