de Freitas, Roberto M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4169-5692
Bhatia, Shovan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8090-7208
Sorensen, Erynn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-4132
Verma, Nikhil https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5533-6887
Carranza, Erick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8502-3222
Ensel, Scott
Borda, Luigi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4670-8530
Boos, Amy https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7399-3276
Goldsmith, Jeff
Fisher, Lee E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9072-3119
Fields, Daryl P.
Powell, Marc P.
Gordon, Shane
Balzer, Jeffrey
Friedlander, Robert M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-7592
Wittenberg, George F.
Gerszten, Peter C.
Krakauer, John W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4316-1846
Pirondini, Elvira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8078-3951
Weber, Douglas J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9782-3497
Capogrosso, Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0975-316X
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (UG3NS123135-01A1)
Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 29 April 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Competing interests
: M.P.P., D.J.W., M.C. and P.C.G. are founders and shareholders of Reach Neuro, a company developing spinal cord stimulation technologies for stroke. E.P. has interest in Reach Neuro due to personal relationships with M.C.; M.P.P., D.J.W., M.C., P.C.G., E.P., E.S., N.V. and E.C. are inventors on several patents related to this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.