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Article History

First Online: 3 June 2026

Competing interests

: A.P.A. discloses employment as cofounder of Highlander Health; consulting for Arsenal Capital, Sixth Street, ClavystBio and Lore; leadership roles at FidoCure/One Health, Insitro, Georgiamune, Earli and Switchback Therapeutics; stock for Revolution Medicines, Amgen, Sandoz, and private company stock for angel and venture investments (Alara, Ataraxis, Character VC, Duke Capital Partners, General Catalyst, Inductive Bio, Layout Ventures, Nudge, Penny Jar and Vega Health); and is a member of the board of trustees at Duke University; advisor at Ellison Institute; and co-chair, Science Policy Committee at American Association of Cancer Research. R.L.L. is a former member of the supervisory board and current scientific advisory board member for Qiagen (compensation/equity), a co-founder at Ajax (equity) and a board member of the Mark Foundation for Cancer Research. He has received research support from the Cure Breast Cancer Foundation (with IP rights), Calico, Zentalis and Ajax, and has consulted or provided professional services for ECOG-ACRIN, Genome Canada, Goldman Sachs and Astra Zeneca. K.M.-S. is a member of the board of advisors, Foundation for Advancing Science and Technology (FAST India); member of the board of directors, Science Gallery Bengaluru, part of the Global Science Gallery Network pioneered by Trinity College Dublin; honorary member, US Pharmacopeial Convention (USP); member, National Academy of Engineering (NAE), USA; full-term member, MIT Corporation, USA; member of the board of trustees, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA; and member of the Court of Regents at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. She also holds directorships and full-time roles in Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Vaishno Devi Specialty Hospitals Private Limited, Immuneel Therapeutics Private Limited, PureTech Health, USA, and CSEP Research Foundation. S.M.V. is a board member of Alabama Power Company, American Surgical Association, Breakthrough Cancer Foundation, GENYOUth, Greater New York Hospital Association, New York Genome Center, Southern Surgical Association and the Lustgarten Foundation. He is a patent holder and has a limited financial interest in Minneamrita Therapeutics, LLC. A.C.O. reports serving as an unpaid policy advisor for the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, and grant funding from the National Cancer Institute unrelated to the submitted work. He is currently an advisory board member of the Peterson Health Technology Institute. He also reports receiving private company stock for angel investing (Helium Health, Yemaachi Biotech). K.T.K., Y.D. and N.H. declare no competing interests.