Document is current

Article History

Received: 17 April 2026

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 31 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests. M.W.: honoraria from Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, SYNLAB, Janssen, Merck Serono, GWT, Amgen, Novartis, Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Regeneron, MJH Life Sciences/Physiciansʼ Education Resource, Takeda and AstraZeneca; consulting or advisory roles for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech, Immatics, Iovance Biotherapeutics, ISA Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Novartis, PharmaMar, Regeneron, Roche, T-knife Therapeutics, Tacalyx and Zymeworks; research funding (to institution) from Roche, Iovance Biotherapeutics and Boehringer Ingelheim; and travel support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, GEMoaB, Immatics, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Janssen Oncology, Merck Serono, Pfizer and Sanofi/Aventis. S.O.: honoraria from MSD, Merck, Janssen, Immunocore, Pfizer and Ipsen and travel support from Ipsen, Pfizer, Merck and Janssen. H.B.: honoraria from Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre Pharma, Servier and Takeda and travel support from Jazz Pharmaceuticals and Novartis. A.B.: consulting fees (to self unless otherwise specified) from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, MSD, Novartis, Bayer, Pfizer and Sanofi; consulting fees (to institution) from Onkowissen.de; honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Eli Lilly, MSD, Janssen, Daiichi Sankyo, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda and Boehringer Ingelheim; travel support from Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche and Eli Lilly; participation on data safety monitoring boards or advisory boards for Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, MSD, Novartis and Roche; and leadership roles in the AIO thoracic oncology steering group, the AIO translational oncology steering group and the AIG-FIO of the German Cancer Society, all outside the submitted work. F.B.: research grants from Roche and AstraZeneca; consulting fees from Immatics; honoraria from Novocure, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca; travel support from Janssen, Roche and AstraZeneca; and participation in advisory boards for Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, Regeneron and Pfizer. S.G.: relationships with Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Sobi, GlaxoSmithKline and AbbVie. M. Haenel reports honoraria from Kite/Gilead, Bristol Myers Squibb and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen and consulting or advisory roles for Amgen, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, Kite/Gilead, Sanofi and Sobi. J.S.H.: consulting and/or speaker fees and/or travel support from Johnson & Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kite/Gilead, AbbVie, Servier, Novartis, Roche, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Immatics, Philogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Immunocore, Autolus and Kyverna. S.L.: advisory board participation and honoraria from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline and Boehringer Ingelheim; travel support from Merck Healthcare and Boehringer Ingelheim; and a pending patent for a peptide vaccine warehouse (EP 22 187 930.7). M.S.: travel reimbursement from Merck and Pfizer; advisory roles for AstraZeneca, Regeneron and Gilead; lecture fees from BeOne Medicines; research funding from AstraZeneca, BeOne Medicines and Gilead; and data safety monitoring board membership for CureVac and Amgen. N.H., M. Hofmann, M. Hutt, A.M.-M., S.M., M.R., H.S., O.V., C.M.B. and C.R. are employees of Immatics and may hold stock and/or stock options in the company. The other authors declare no competing interests.