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Authors

Prelaj, Arsela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3863-088X

Miskovic, Vanja https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-0243

Sacco, Matteo

Ferrarin, Alberto https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8915-5750

Licciardello, Cristina Maria https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1650-5309

Provenzano, Leonardo

Favali, Margherita

Lerma, Ludovica https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1622-5348

Zec, Aleksandra

Spagnoletti, Andrea

Ganzinelli, Monica

Lorenzini, Daniele

Guirges, Beshoy https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5544-3591

Invernizzi, Luca

Silvestri, Cecilia

Mazzeo, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9226-8861

Prina, Marco Meazza

Corrao, Giulia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5757-6073

Ruggirello, Margherita

Dumitrascu, Andra Diana

Di Mauro, Rosa Maria

Monzani, Dario

Pravettoni, Gabriella

Zanitti, Michele

Macocchi, Davide

Marino, Moreno Bruno

Cavalli, Chiara

Romanò, Rebecca

Giani, Claudia

Armato, Samuel G. III

Esposito, Alessandra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-3122

Bestvina, Christine M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7189-1590

Spector, Maria

Naama, Bogot R.

Basheer, Reham

Hafzadi, Adi Lahiani

Roisman, Laila https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8455-9327

Watermann, Iris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7528-4998

Szewczyk, Marlen

Olchers, Till

Richter, Heinz

Blanke-Roeser, Constantin

Siniscalchi, Costanza https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4481-0929

Di Lello, Anna https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3235-5787

Arangoa, Teresa

Bartolomeo, Valentina https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1493-7282

Spathas, Nikolaos

Sarris, Evangelos

Fountzilas, Elena

Roca, Aina Arbusà https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-7386

Caro-Consuegra, Rocio https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8562-6132

Iranzo, Patricia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-2472

Fernández-Pinto, Melissa

Rodríguez-Morató, Jose https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8133-9983

Agnelli, Luca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-6170

Occhipinti, Mario

Brambilla, Marta

Beninato, Teresa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0388-6655

Proto, Claudia

Kosta, Sokol

Di Palma, Michele Pio

Rulli, Eliana

Steurer, Stefan

Simon, Ronald https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-4258

Willis, Michael

Pruneri, Giancarlo

De Braud, Filippo

Restelli, Marcello

Felip, Enriqueta

Peled, Nir

Pearson, Alexander T.

Linardou, Helena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-6607

Reck, Martin

Russo, Giuseppe Lo

Trovò, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5796-7667

Pedrocchi, Alessandra Laura Giulia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9957-2786

Garassino, Marina Chiara

,

Ambrosini, Paolo

Farhikhteh, Ghazal

Sangaletti, Sabina

Borraccino, Michele

Agosta, Claudia

Bonalume, Chiara

Corso, Federica

Serino, Roberta

Gusmaroli, Eleonora

De Ponti, Marta

Nardo, Giuseppe

Montelatici, Giulia

Russo, Alessandra

Di Liberti, Giorgia

Natangelo, Stefano

Rota, Simone

Leone, Giuseppe

Fink, Miriam

Giangregorio, Chiara

Ambrosini, Emilia

Chiesi, Alessandro

Pietroluongo, Erica

Piazza, Francesca

Bonnet, Natacha

Subbiah, Vivek

Pellarolo, Julieta

Mandler, Jana

Heuer-Olewinski, Nadine

Sonnek, Jana

Schmidt, Milena

Wirks, Christopher

Richter, Hartmut

Gkoura, Stefania

Aravantinou, Eleni

Gazouli, Ioanna

Priano, Ilaria

Pintó, Laura Masfarré

De Torner, Aina

Valdivia, Augusto

Pardo, Núria

Romero, Gerard

Soleda, Mireia

Kayan, Halid

Hentinen, Anniina

Torri, Valter

Sebri, Valeria

Scoazec, Giovanni

Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

European Commission (101057695)

License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-09-01

Version of Record valid from 2026-09-13

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Article History

Received: 5 December 2025

Accepted: 28 May 2026

First Online: 13 September 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: A.P.: Aristea, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Events S.r.l., Gilead Sciences, IQUVIA, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Regeneron and Takeda (invited speaker); Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, MEDSIR, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer and Summit Therapeutics (advisory board); Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eli Lilly, Nuvalent, Spectrum, Roche and AstraZeneca (local PI, institutional); Italfarmaco and AstraZeneca (training of personnel); Johnson & Johnson and Roche (travel grants); European Interdisciplinary Society of AI in Cancer Research (ESAC) (leadership role, President); and I 3 LUNG (Project Lead). V.M.: Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, Events S.r.l., Accademia Nazionale di Medicina and Events S.r.l. Congress & Communication (invited speaker) and ESAC. A.F.: Novartis and Merck (invited facilitator to AI workshop). C.M.L.: Novartis (invited facilitator to AI workshop). L.P.: Novartis, Merck and Pfizer (invited speaker). M.F.: Novartis (invited facilitator to AI workshop). A.Z.: Novartis (invited facilitator to AI workshop). A.S.: Novartis, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pierre Fabre and Immunocore (educational speaker). C. Silvestri: Novartis (invited facilitator to AI workshop). L.I.: Merck (invited facilitator to AI workshop). L.M.: Sanofi, Daiichi Sankyo and LEO Pharma (conference grants); Novartis, Merck, Elma Research, Edge Consulting and Johnson & Johnson (honoraria); and Boehringer Ingelheim (local PI, institutional). G.C.: Amgen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Istituti Gentili, F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Merck Sharp & Dohme (travel grants) and Takeda, Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca (honoraria and consultancy). C.M.B.: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Catalyst, Daiichi Sankyo, EMD Serono, Exelixis, Genentech, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Summit Therapeutics and Turning Point Therapeutics (advisory board, personal); Voronoi and AstraZeneca (coordinating PI, institutional, financial interest, steering committee member, personal); and Bristol Myers Squibb (other, institutional, financial interest, subinvestigator on Bristol Myers Squibb-funded investigator-initiated trial). E.S.: Amgen (advisory board, invited speaker); Bristol Myers Squibb (advisory board, invited speaker); Johnson & Johnson (advisory board, invited speaker); Merck Sharp & Dohme (advisory board, invited speaker); F. Hoffmann-La Roche (advisory board, invited speaker); AstraZeneca (invited speaker); Genesis Pharma (invited speaker); Novartis (invited speaker); and Daiichi Sankyo. E. Fountzilas: Amgen and Daiichi Sankyo (advisory role); AstraZeneca, Genesis Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo and KAM (travel grants); Genesis Pharma, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca (speaker); and Genprex and Deciphera Pharmaceuticals (stock ownership). P.I.: Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Johnson & Johnson, PeerVoice, Pfizer and Regeneron (invited speaker, personal); Boehringer Ingelheim (honoraria and/or consulting fees); and Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and F. Hoffmann-La Roche (support for meeting attendance and/or travel). M.F.-P. and J.R.-M. are full-time employees of MEDSIR. E.R.: AstraZeneca (institutional, research grant); Gilead Sciences (institutional, research grant); Merck Sharp & Dohme (institutional, research grant); F. Hoffmann-La Roche (institutional, research grant); GlaxoSmithKline (institutional, research grant); Philogen (personal, independent data monitoring committee participation). M.P.D.P.: AstraZeneca (institutional, research grant); Gilead Sciences (institutional, research grant); Merck Sharp & Dohme (institutional, research grant); F. Hoffmann-La Roche (institutional, research grant); and GlaxoSmithKline (institutional, research grant). M.O.: AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb and Merck Sharp & Dohme (honoraria); AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson (advisory role or consultancy); and Eli Lilly and Johnson & Johnson (travel, accommodations, expenses). M.B.: Johnson & Johnson and LEO Pharma (travel, accommodations, grants) and Bristol Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca (honoraria). T.B.: Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi, Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb and Eli Lilly (travel, accommodations, grants) and Merck Sharp & Dohme and Johnson & Johnson (honoraria). M.W.: Full-time employee, minority owner and member of the Board of Directors at the Swedish Institute of Health Economics. C.P.: AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson and Regeneron (honoraria); Daiichii Sankyo, AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, Takeda, Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Regeneron, La Roche Posay and Pierre Fabre (advisory board, travel accommodations); and Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Merck Serono and Merck Sharp & Dohme (local PI). G. Pravettoni: Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Menarini Stemline, Illumina, F. Hoffmann-La Roche and ADS Biotec (honoraria, travel, advisory board). G. Pruneri: Roche, Menarini, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca (honoraria), and Novartis (research grant). F.D.B.: Mattioli 1885, McCann Health, Merck Sharp & Dohme, IQVIA, Novartis, Indena, Incyte, Taiho, Menarini and F. Hoffmann-La Roche (consulting); Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Taiho, Incyte, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme and F. Hoffmann-La Roche (advisory); AnHeart Therapeutics, Apollomics, AstraZeneca, Basilea Pharmaceutica, Bayer Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Incyte, Itanet, Janssen-Cilag, Kymab, Loxo Oncology, MedImmune, Merck KGaA, Novartis and Tesaro (local PI); Nadirex, European School of Oncology, Motore Sanità, Effeti, Events S.r.l., Bristol Myers Squibb, ACCMED, Idea-z, Dynamicom Education, Sanofi and AstraZeneca (speaker fees); Incyte, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sanofi and AstraZeneca (speaker bureau); Incyte, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sanofi and AstraZeneca (travel expenses); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche (other interests). E. Felip: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, e-Cancer, Eli Lilly, Ellipses Pharma, Genentech/F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, ITEOS Therapeutics, Johnson & Johnson, Medical Trends, Medscape, Merck Sharp & Dohme, PeerVoice, Physiciansʼ Education Resource, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Seagen and Tubulis (advisory board/invited speaker); Grifols (independent board member); and AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer and F. Hoffmann-La Roche (support for meeting attendance and/or travel). N.P.: AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Imagine, Guardant, Imagene, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Renium and Takeda (advisory, honoraria, research). A.T.P.: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Breakthrough Cancer and Daiichi Sankyo (advisory board); AbbVie, IBM and Thermo Fisher Scientific (research funding); and Caris (travel). H.L.: AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pierre Fabre (honoraria as invited speaker); Vianex and Merck Sharp & Dohme (support for attending scientific meetings); AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer and Sandoz (advisory board); and AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, PPD, Parexel, PRA, Qualitis and Perseus Healthcare Group S.A. (personal and institutional fees for clinical trials). M. Reck: Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeOne Medicines, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, GSK, Eli Lilly, Mirati Therapeutics, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Samsung Bioepis and Takeda (honoraria for lectures and consultancy); Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeOne Medicines, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Mirati Therapeutics, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Takeda (compensated membership in study steering committees); and Servier and Sanofi (compensated membership in data safety monitoring committees). G.L.R.: Merck Sharp & Dohme, Regeneron, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Eli Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Merck Seronos, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Bayer, BeOne Medicines, Pfizer, Takeda, GlaxoSmithKline, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi, Gilead Sciences, Novocure, Revolution Medicines, Summit Therapeutics and Immutep (advisory boards, consultancies, travel accommodations, speaker fees, writing fees, PI role in profit trials). F.T.: ML cube S.r.l. (co-founder), Accademia Nazionale di Medicina, Over S.r.l., Events S.r.l. Congress & Communication, PREX S.r.l. and Cefriel S.c.a.r.l. (honoraria). A.L.G.P.: Agade S.r.l. and AllyArm S.r.l., Novartis, ACCMED, Pfizer, Fondazione Cariplo, Fondazione Telethon, Fondazione Valduce, Fondazione FORST, Kayser Italia S.r.l., Generali Wellion, Tecnobody S.r.l., EMAC S.r.l., Merz Therapeutics, AllyArm S.r.l., Viktor S.r.l., and FASI. M.C.G.: AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Gilead Sciences, IO Biotech, Johnson & Johnson, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati Therapeutics, Natera, Novocure, Nuvation, Nuvalent, Pfizer, Regeneron, Revolution Medicines, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Summit Therapeutics and Takeda (personal financial interest) and Aptitude Health, the American Society for Radiation Oncology, Ideology, Intellisphere, MJH Life Sciences, OncoHost and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (non-pharma personal financial interests). M. Ruggirello: AstraZeneca (honoraria). L.A.: Roche (consultancy). The other authors declare no competing interests.

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