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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 15 June 2026

First Online: 22 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: A.D.C. discloses consultancy (AbbVie, Arcellx, AstraZeneca, BMS, Caribou, Genentech/Roche, GSK, iTeos, Janssen, Kite, Legend, Moderna, Pfizer, Prothena, Regeneron, Sanofi), research funding (Genentech/Roche, GSK, Janssen, Novartis), patents and royalties (Novartis) and advisory committees (Ichnos, Novartis). J.R. discloses consultancy (AbbVie, BMS, Forus, Genentech, Janssen, Karyopharm, Kite/Arcellx, Menarini, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Takeda, UB Therapeutics) and speaker’s bureau (Adaptive Biotechnologies, BMS, Janssen, Pfizer, Sanofi). S.T. discloses consultancy (GSK), research funding (BMS, Genentech, GSK, Janssen, K36 Therapeutics, Pfizer, Roche), honoraria (AstraZeneca, GSK, Janssen) and advisory committees (AstraZeneca, BMS, GSK, Janssen, Kite/Arcellx, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi). A.L. discloses employment (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center), consultancy (Arcellx, Janssen, Pfizer), honoraria (Pfizer) and patents and royalties (Serametrix). J.P.L. has no conflicts of interest or relevant competing interests. S.K.T. discloses research funding (AbbVie, Ascentage Pharma, BMS, Cellectar Biosciences, Genentech, Janssen, Sanofi). S.J.H. discloses research funding (Johnson & Johnson), honoraria (Celgene, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Kite/Gilead, Novartis), advisory committees (Celgene, Haemalogix, Janssen, Kite/Gilead, Novartis) and other interests (MSAG chair Myeloma Australia). L.J.C. discloses consultancy (AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Caribou, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Sanofi), research funding (AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Caribou, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson) and honoraria (AbbVie, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Caribou, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Sanofi). A.S. discloses consultancy (BMS, Celltrion, Haemalogix, Janssen, Rheumagen), research funding (AbbVie, Antengene, Haemalogix, Janssen), honoraria (AbbVie, Antengene, BMS, Haemalogix, Janssen, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Thermo Fisher), advisory committees (Antengene, BMS, Haemalogix, Janssen, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi) and speaker’s bureau (BMS, Janssen, Pfizer, Sanofi, Thermo Fisher). R.F. discloses consultancy (AbbVie, Adaptive, Amgen, Apple, BMS/Celgene, GSK, Janssen, Karyopharm, Pfizer, RA Capital, Regeneron, Sanofi), equity (Antengene), patents and royalties (FISH in MM), and advisory committees (Caris Life Sciences). P.A.F. discloses consultancy (AbbVie, BMS, GSK, Legend, Pfizer, Sanofi), research funding (Johnson & Johnson), advisory committees (Johnson & Johnson, Pathos) and speaker’s bureau (Sanofi). J.G.B. discloses consultancy (AstraZeneca, BMS, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson, Karyopharm, Kite, Kyowa Kirin, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sebia), research funding (AstraZeneca, BMS, C4 Therapeutics, Caribou Biosciences, CARsgen, Cartesian Therapeutics, Genentech, Gracell, GSK, Ichnos Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, Juno Therapeutics, K36 Therapeutics, Karyopharm, Kite, Moderna, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi) and honoraria (Janssen). R.K. discloses research funding (Pfizer), honoraria (Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Sanofi) and advisory committees (Forus, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Sanofi). N.J.B. discloses consultancy (AbbVie, BMS, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi), honoraria (AbbVie, BMS, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi) and advisory committees (AbbVie, BMS, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi). P.R.-O. discloses consultancy (AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BMS, H3 Biomedicine, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Menarini Stemline, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi), research funding (Pfizer), honoraria (BMS, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer), advisory committees (BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron) and other interests (Pfizer). M.-V.M. discloses consultancy (Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Kite, Menarini Stemline, Roche) and honoraria (Amgen, BMS, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Kite, Menarini Stemline, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi). T.T. discloses employment (Roche/Genentech) and equity (Gilead, Roche/Genentech). D.S. discloses employment (Roche/Genentech) and equity (Roche/Genentech). W.L. discloses employment (Roche/Genentech). R.N. discloses employment (Roche/Genentech) and equity (Roche/Genentech). V.C. discloses employment (Roche/Genentech). C.W. discloses past employment (Roche/Genentech). J.C. discloses past employment (Roche/Genentech) and equity (Roche/Genentech). A.K. discloses consultancy (AbbVie, Adaptive, Arcellx, BMS, GSK, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi), equity (Arcellx, BMX) and advisory committees (Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer).