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Authors
Sugai, Keiko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8539-1797
Tsuji, Osahiko
Fujiyoshi, Kanehiro
Ozaki, Masahiro
Abe, Takayuki
Kohzuki, Tsuneo
Okawara, Hiroki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-1759
Sawada, Tomonori
Sumida, Miho https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2550-0333
Yoshioka, Ema
Shofuda, Tomoko https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7953-4034
Kawashima, Shioko https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2357-1485
Yamaguchi, Ryo
Shinozaki, Munehisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-2713
Takasu, Naoko
Nagoshi, Narihito https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8267-5789
Okubo, Toshiki
Kohyama, Jun
Maeda, Takeshi
Yato, Yoshiyuki
Kanemura, Yonehiro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1894-1824
Yamanaka, Shinya
Nakamura, Masaya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-5497
Okano, Hideyuki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-5935
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (18bk0104050)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (20bk0104017 and 22bk0104120)
JSPS Kakenhi
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Article History
Received: 19 June 2026
Accepted: 26 June 2026
First Online: 21 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: K.S. reports consulting for K Pharma, beginning after completion of this study. R.Y. is currently employed by RACTHERA Co. T.M. served as a member of the Independent Data-Monitoring Committee for this study, providing independent review of interim data and ensuring study integrity. He did not participate in data collection or data analysis and received compensation from Keio University School of Medicine for this role. M.N. reports consulting for and holding stock in K Pharma. He serves as a member of the Science Council of Japan, as President of the Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research (unpaid), and as President of the Japanese Medical Society of Spinal Cord Lesion (unpaid). H.O. reports consulting for K Pharma, SanBio Co., Eisai Co. and Astellas Pharma, and holds stock in K Pharma. He serves as President of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (unpaid). All other authors declare no competing interests.
