Document is current

Article History

Received: 3 July 2026

Accepted: 17 August 2026

First Online: 22 September 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: R.D.N. has a consulting/advisory role with GRAIL Bio UK Ltd. and is a named inventor of the PinPoint Test; should this test generate revenue, R.D.N. will have a revenue share through an agreement among PinPoint Data Science Ltd., the University of Leeds and Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust. S.D. has no competing interests to disclose. P.J. has no competing interests to disclose. H.J. has no competing interests to disclose. H.K. is employed by and owns stock in GRAIL. L.Y.W.L. has no competing interests to disclose. Y.L.’s salary is supported by research funding from GRAIL. W.L. is employed by GRAIL and owns stock in GRAIL. T.R. has received research funding from GRAIL. R.S. is employed by GRAIL and owns stock in GRAIL. J.W.’s salary is supported by research funding from GRAIL. P.S. has consulting/advisory roles with GRAIL Bio UK Ltd. and MEDIAN Technologies (institution); has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd. (institution), GRAIL Bio UK Ltd. (institution) and Merck (institution); and has a patent pending related to HPV testing. C.S. acknowledges grant support from Invitae (previously Archer Dx Inc., collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies) and Personalis. He is Co-Chief Investigator of the NHS-Galleri trial funded by GRAIL and is a paid member of GRAIL’s Scientific Advisory Board. C.S. is a nonexecutive director of Novartis from March 2026 and was a paid board member for Bicycle Therapeutics and Chair of Bicycle Therapeuticsʼ Clinical Advisory Group. He has received or receives consultant or advisory fees from Genentech and China Innovation Center of Roche (CICoR)-Shanghai; Medicxi Ventures; Relay Therapeutics (Scientific Advisory Board member); Saga Diagnostics (Scientific Advisory Board member); and Sarah Cannon Research Institute. He has undertaken an uncompensated advisory role for AstraZeneca and has received consultancy fees, advisory fees or honoraria from Pfizer and Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. has equity and/or stock options in Bicycle Therapeutics, Novartis, Relay Therapeutics and Saga Diagnostics. He has previously held stock and was co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. declares a patent application for methods for lung cancer detection (PCT/US2017/028013); targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401); identifying patient response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471); methods for lung cancer detection (US20190106751A1); identifying patients who respond to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912); determining HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004); predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221); methods and systems for tumor monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987); analysis of HLA alleles transcriptional deregulation (PCT/EP2023/059039); technique for detecting minimal residual disease (PCT/EP2023/065074); and relating to the use of plasma proteomics for risk prediction of lung cancer (PCT/EP2025/086701). C.S. is an inventor on a European patent application (PCT/GB2017/053289) relating to assay technology to detect tumor recurrence. This patent has been licensed to a commercial entity, and, under their terms of employment, C.S. is due a revenue share of any revenue generated from such license(s).