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Article History
Received: 18 February 2026
Accepted: 26 August 2026
First Online: 1 October 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: G.V.L. is a consultant or advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, Byondis B.V., Evaxion A/S, Fortiva Biologics, G.I. Innovation, Immunocore Ireland, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou), Iovance Biotherapeutics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Replimmune, Scancell and Strand Therapeutics. I.P.d.S. is a consultant or advisor for Merck Sharp & Dohme, Regeneron and Strand, and has received speaker fees from Roche, Pierre Fabre and QBiotics. P.G. is a consultant or advisor for Bristol Myers Squibb and Ipsen, and has received conference attendance support from BeOne, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pierre Fabre and Servier. R.N.A. is a consultant or advisor for Erasca, Immatics, KSQ Therapeutics, IOBiotech and Obsidian. S.S. is a consultant or advisor for AbbVie, AdvanCell, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Erasca, Janssen, Macrogenics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis and Skyline Diagnostics, with all honoraria paid to the institute; has received research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Endocyte (a Novartis company), Merck Healthcare, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech and Senhwa Biosciences, all paid to the institute; and owns stock in AdvanCell. D.B.J. is a consultant or advisor for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Jackson Laboratories, Merck, Pfizer and Therakos. P.R. has received honoraria for lectures and advisory boards from Bristol Myers Squibb, Genesis Pharma, Medison Pharma, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pierre Fabre, and is a consultant or advisor for Erasca. M.S.B. reports institutional research support from Alkermes, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Merck, nFerence, Perspective Therapeutics, Pharmacyclics, Regeneron, Sorrento, TILT Biotherapeutics and Transgene. E.M.-C. is a consultant or advisor for Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Sanofi and Regeneron; has received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Sanofi; has received speaker fees from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre and Regeneron; and was principal investigator for trials sponsored by Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Iovance, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Roche and Sanofi. M.S.C. is a consultant or advisor for Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ideaya, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Nektar, Novartis, Oncosec, Pierre Fabre, Qbiotics, Regeneron, Roche, Merck, Moderna and Sanofi, and received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Novartis. M.J. is a consultant or advisor for Regeneron and Bristol Myers Squibb, with fees paid to the institute. M.A.P. is a consultant or advisor for Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai, Erasca, Eisai, Lyvgen, Merck, Nektar, Novartis, Pfizer and Replimune, and has received institutional support from BioAtla, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Infinity, Merck, Novartis and RGenix. E.K. is a consultant or advisor for Bristol Myers Squibb, Delcath and Immunocore, and has received research grants from Bristol Myers Squibb, Delcath, Novartis and Pierre Fabre, all paid to the institute. A.A.M.v.d.V. is a consultant or advisor for Bristol Myers Squibb, Dutch Melanoma Guideline, GE Health Care, Ipsen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Regeneron, Pierre Fabre and Sanofi, with fees paid to the institute. K.P.M.S. is a consultant or advisor for Abbvie and Sairopa; has received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb and Novartis; and has received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Genmab, Philips and Pierre Fabre, all paid to the institute. A.C.J.v.A. is a consultant or advisor for Adium, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Genmab, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Merck Serono–Pfizer, MSD, Neracare, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Provectus, Regeneron, Replimune, Sanofi, Sirius Medical, SkylineDx and 4SC; and has received research funding from Amgen, Merck Serono–Pfizer and SkylineDx. M.T.T. has advisory board relationships with Merck, Moderna, Regeneron and Replimmune; has performed central pathology review for Merck (with funds paid to the University of California San Francisco) and Philogen (pending); and has received educational honoraria from Clinical Care Options/Scientific Satellite Symposium at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Annual Meeting, from Merck and Elsevier (textbook royalties). C.U.B. is a consultant or advisor with Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Roche, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Lilly, GenMab, Pierre Fabre, Third Rock Ventures and Senya; has received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, NanoString and 4SC; and is co-founder of Immagene, all paid to the institution, except for Third Rock Ventures and Immagene. A.M.M. is a consultant or advisor for Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, Pierre Fabre and QBiotics. The other authors declare no competing interests.