Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 November 2022

Accepted: 4 March 2025

First Online: 11 April 2025

Competing interests

: A.P.C. and D.A.L. have filed a provisional patent regarding certain aspects of this manuscript. D.A.L. and A.J.W. have also filed two additional patent applications regarding work presented in this manuscript. A.P.C. is listed as an inventor on submitted patents pertaining to cell-free DNA (US patent applications 63/237,367, 63/056,249, 63/015,095 and 16/500,929) and receives consulting fees from Eurofins Viracor and has received conference travel support from Ultima Genomics. I.R. and A.J. are employees and shareholders of Ultima Genomics. D.L. is a shareholder of Ultima Genomics. G.I. has received consulting fees from Daiichi Sankyo. J.D.W. is a consultant for Apricity, Ascentage Pharma, Bicara Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Dragonfly, Imvaq, Larkspur, Psioxus, Takeda, Tizona, Trishula Therapeutics, Immunocore – Data Safety board and Scancell; reports grant and research support from Bristol Myers Squibb and Enterome; has equity in Apricity, Arsenal IO/Cell Carta, Ascentage, Imvaq, Linneaus, Georgiamune, Takeda, Tizona Pharmaceuticals and Xenimmune; and is an inventor on the following patents: Xenogeneic DNA Vaccines; Newcastle Disease viruses for Cancer Therapy; Myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) assay; Prediction of Responsiveness to Treatment with Immunomodulatory Therapeutics and Method of Monitoring Abscopal Effects during such Treatment; Anti-PD1 Antibody; Anti-CTLA4 antibodies; Anti-GITR antibodies and methods of use thereof; CD40 binding molecules and uses thereof. A. Saxena receives research funding from AstraZeneca, has served on Advisory Boards for G1 Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novocure, InxMed, Bristol Myers Squibb and Galvanize Therapeutics, and as a consultant for Galvanize Therapeutics. M.A.P. has received consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Eisai, Pfizer, Lyvgen and Chugai and has received institutional support from RGenix, Merck Infinity, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck and Novartis. M.K.C. has received consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, InCyte, Moderna, ImmunoCore and AstraZeneca and receives institutional support from Bristol Myers Squibb. S.T. is funded by Cancer Research UK (grant reference number A29911); the Francis Crick Institute, which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC10988), the UK Medical Research Council (FC10988) and the Wellcome Trust (FC10988); the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research (grant reference number A109), the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity, The Rosetrees Trust (grant reference number A2204), Ventana Medical Systems (grant reference numbers 10467 and 10530), the National Institute of Health (U01 CA247439) and Melanoma Research Alliance (686061). S.T. has received speaking fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, Novartis and Ipsen. S.T. has the following patents filed: Indel mutations as a therapeutic target and predictive biomarker PCTGB2018/051892 and PCTGB2018/051893. G.B. has sponsored research agreements through her institution with Olink Proteomics, Teiko Bio, InterVenn Biosciences and Palleon Pharmaceuticals; served on advisory boards for Iovance, Merck, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis and Ankyra Therapeutics; consulted for Merck, InterVenn Biosciences and Ankyra Therapeutics and holds equity in Ankyra Therapeutics. B.M.F. is on the advisory boards for Astrin Bioscience, Natera, Guardant, Janssen, Gilead, Merck, Immunomedics and QED Therapeutics, is a consultant for QED Therapeutics, Astra Biosciences and BostonGene and obtains patent royalties from Immunomedics and Gilead, honoraria from Urotoday and Axiom Healthcare Strategies and research support from Eli Lilly. B.M.F. reports support from the NIH, DoD-CDMRP, Starr Cancer Consortium and the P-1000 Consortium. D.A.L. is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Mission Bio, Pangea, Alethiomics and Veracyte, and has received prior research funding support from Illumina, Ultima Genomics, Celgene, 10x Genomics and Oxford Nanopore Technologies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.