Li, Yingjie
Ma, Anjun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6269-398X
Johnson, Evan
Eng, Charis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3693-5145
De, Subhajyoti
Jiang, Sizun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6149-3142
Li, Zihai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4603-927X
Spakowicz, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-6435
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P01AI177687)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM152585)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R35GM149224)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM129066)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P01CA250957)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (DP2AI171139)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P01AI177687)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AI149672)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM152585)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24CA224331)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (K01AG070310)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01CA248741)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R21CA294050)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-002704)
American Lung Association (1046611)
American Cancer Society (RSG-23-1023205)
Article History
Received: 13 November 2023
Accepted: 25 July 2025
First Online: 15 September 2025
Competing interests
: S.J. is a cofounder of Elucidate Bio, serves on its board of directors and scientific advisory board and has received research support from Roche and Novartis. The other authors declare no competing interests.