Hou, Qian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1872-7964
Oleynikov, Maxim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-9743
Mei, Xiaohan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4677-4653
Dong, Linghao https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2725-1868
Hagen, Timo
Jaffrey, Samie R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3615-6958
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35NS111631, F31NS139612)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NIH Office of the Director (S10 OD030335)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (RM1 HG011563)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH T32 GM115327)
Swiss National Science Foundation | nccr – on the move (199851)
Article History
Received: 4 October 2024
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Competing interests
: A patent application (PCT/US24/45436) has been filed by Cornell University, with S.R.J. and Q.H. listed as inventors. This application, currently under review, covers all aspects and the extended content of the article. S.R.J. is the co-founder and/or has equity in Chimerna Therapeutics, Lucerna Technologies and 858 Therapeutics. Lucerna has licensed technology related to Spinach and other RNA-fluorophore complexes. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.