Qi, Xiaoli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7881-3365
Muñoz-Castañeda, Rodrigo
Yue, Yuanlei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0552-2911
Xiao, Sheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8959-2388
Ding, Liya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-875X
Narasimhan, Arun
Chen, Xin
Wang, Wei
Li, Yuanyuan
Elowsky, Corey
Palmer, Jason
Drewes, Rhonda
Sun, Jianjun
Wu, Jinglei
Qu, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2129-5253
Wu, Zhuhao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-0555
Peng, Hanchuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3478-3942
Osten, Pavel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-7541
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01MH114824)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U19MH114821)
Article History
Received: 23 September 2024
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Change Date: 19 November 2025
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-025-02982-y
Competing interests
: P.O. is a cofounder and the CEO of Theracast. The company had no role in or financial gain from this work. All other authors declare no competing interests.