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Article History
First Online: 11 December 2025
Competing interests
: R.K. is a scientific advisory board member and consultant for BiomeSense, Inc., and has equity in and receives income from the company. He is a scientific advisory board member for and has equity in GenCirq. He is a consultant for and receives income from DayTwo. He has equity in and acts as a consultant for Cybele. He is a co-founder of Biota, Inc., and has equity in the company. He is a cofounder of Micronoma, and has equity in and is a scientific advisory board member for the company. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego, in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. D.M. is a consultant for BiomeSense, Inc., and has equity in and receives income from the company. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego, in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. Y.V.-B. is a full-time employee for BiomeSense, Inc., and has equity in and receives income from the company. J.R.R. is a full-time employee for One Codex, Inc., and has equity in and receives income from the company. J.G.C. and E.B. have equity in and receive income from Cymis Benefit Corp. J.C.A.’s contribution to this work was completed before he joined Amazon Robotics. All other authors declare no competing interests.