Cao, Honghao
Spitz, Sarah
Yu, Li-Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-8416
Liu, Kunzan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3923-3720
Zhang, Zhengyu
Presutti, Federico
Pramotton, Francesca Michela
Kulkarni, Subhash https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0623
Kamm, Roger D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-304X
You, Sixian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1243-1815
Funding for this research was provided by:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
National Science Foundation
Novo Nordisk
Silicon Valley Community Foundation
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging
Diacomp Foundation (Pilot award Augusta University), Pilot grant from the Harvard Digestive Disease Core
HDD Industry Consortium on Brain
Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 27 April 2026
Competing interests
: S.Y. and H.C. are coinventors on a patent application (application no. 19/426,910) related to volumetric imaging with a self-localized, ultrafast pencil beam. Z.Z. is an employee of Daiichi-Sankyo. R.D.K. is a cofounder of AIM Biotech and receives research support from Amgen, Abbvie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis, Daiichi-Sankyo and Takeda. The other authors declare no competing interests.