Lakunina, Anna A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2628-8834
Socha, Karolina Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1677-1489
Ladd, Alexander E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0999-1608
Bowen, Anna J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-2572
Chen, Susu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-1157
Colonell, Jennifer https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3940-0689
Doshi, Anjal https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7093-1462
Karsh, Bill https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5977-7731
Krumin, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7356-6994
Kulik, Pavel https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2222-0324
Li, Anna J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-2910
Neutens, Pieter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-0033
O’Callaghan, John https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-8697
Olsen, Meghan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1050-935X
Putzeys, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8834-5852
Bai Reddy, Charu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8195-3326
Tilmans, Harrie A. C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-4962
Vargas, Sara https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6791-6852
Welkenhuysen, Marleen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6729-9391
Ye, Zhiwen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-1037
Häusser, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-8957
Koch, Christof https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6482-8067
Ting, Jonathan T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8266-0392
Dutta, Barundeb https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4781-9630
Harris, Timothy D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6289-4439
Steinmetz, Nicholas A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7029-2908
Svoboda, Karel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-7362
Siegle, Joshua H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-4844
Carandini, Matteo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4880-7682
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (204915/Z/16/Z)
Wellcome Trust (225819/Z/22/Z)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (UF1MH128339)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01NS133760)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (--)
Pew Charitable Trusts (Pew Biomedical Scholars Program)
Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund
Simons Foundation
Allen Foundation (--)
Article History
Received: 21 February 2025
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 1 June 2026
Competing interests
: C.K. has a financial interest and holds an executive position at Intrinsic Powers. P.N., J.O., J.P., H.A.C.T., M.W. and B.D. are employees of IMEC. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.