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Article History

Received: 24 June 2025

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 30 April 2026

Competing interests

: R.G. has received consulting income (payments made to the Lausanne University Hospital) from Takeda, Arcellx, Sanofi and Owkin and declares ownership in Ozette Technologies. K.H. and R.G. have received research funding from Owkin and 10x Genomics. K.H received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, ROCHE/Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Tolremo AG and Boehringer Ingelheim. S.P. has received educational grants, provided consultation, served on advisory boards and/or delivered lectures for which honoraria were paid to her institution from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcus, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, BioNTech, BerGenBio, Bicycle Therapeutics, Bicara, BioInvent, Blueprint Medicines, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis, Daiichi Sankyo, Debiopharm, Eli Lilly, F-Star, Foundation Medicine, Genmab, Genzyme, Gilead, GSK, Hutchmed, Illumina, Incyte, Ipsen, iTeos, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Nuvalent, Nykode Therapeutics, Novocure, PharmaMar, Promontory Therapeutics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi, Takeda and Zymeworks. She has also participated in company-organized public events for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Foundation Medicine, GSK, Illumina, Ipsen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi and Takeda. She has received research support as principal investigator for institutionally sponsored clinical trials from Amgen, Arcus, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GSK, iTeos, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati, PharmaMar, Pfizer, Promontory Therapeutics and Roche/Genentech. The other authors declare no competing interests.