Xiao, Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8012-8121
Bai, Zhiliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-3057
Zou, Zhuoning https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7984-7121
Ye, Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-5671
Tao, Bo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5490-4668
Zheng, Zhong
Chen, Yan-Ming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-5169
Zou, Zhongyu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7152-5435
Jiang, Liudan
Zhao, Lijie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0490-0175
Fan, Yuhang
Gao, Yun
Fan, Rong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-8059
He, Chuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-7424
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (RM1HG008935)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (RC2DK139552)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R01HG013495)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (UH3CA257393)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U54CA274509)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA245313)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U54AG076043)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U54AG079759)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (RF1MH128876)
Article History
Received: 9 January 2025
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Competing interests
: A provisional patent application for ARTR-seq was previously filed by the University of Chicago. C.H. is a scientific founder, a member of the scientific advisory board and an equity holder of AllyRNA Inc. and Ellis Bio, Inc.; and a scientific co-founder and equity holder of Accent Therapeutics, Inc. R.F. is a scientific founder and adviser for IsoPlexis, Singleron Biotechnologies and AtlasXomics. The interests of R.F. were reviewed and managed by the Yale University Provost’s Office in accordance with the university’s conflict of interest policies. The other authors declare no competing interests.