Masrori, Pegah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-1866
Bijnens, Baukje https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3890-5916
Fumagalli, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9333-926X
Davie, Kristofer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1249
Poovathingal, Suresh Kumar
Meese, Tim
Storm, Annet
Hersmus, Nicole
Fazal, Raheem
van den Biggelaar, Diede
Asselbergh, Bob https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-2470
Gruel, Roxane
Van Den Daele, Johanna
Denton, Heidi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1167-5563
Miquel, Paula Polanco
Manzella, Simona
De Vos, Winnok H.
Chandran, Siddhartan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-1593
Van Den Bosch, Ludo
Thal, Dietmar Rudolf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1036-1075
Mancuso, Renzo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-3348
Van Damme, Philip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-2357
Funding for this research was provided by:
KU Leuven
Target ALS
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (11PD824N, G0F8516N; G065721N)
Internationale Stichting Alzheimer Onderzoek (20240019)
Universiteit Antwerpen (ADP0144)
Article History
Received: 13 October 2022
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Competing interests
: D.R.T. received speaker honoraria from Biogen and travel reimbursement from UCB and collaborated with Novartis Pharma AG, Probiodrug, GE Healthcare and Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies. P.V.D. has served on advisory boards for Biogen, CSL Behring, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Ferrer, QurAlis, Cytokinetics, Argenx, UCB, Muna Therapeutics, Alector, Augustine Therapeutics, VectorY, Zambon, Amylyx, Novartis, Prilenia, Verge Genomics, Sapreme Technologies, Trace Neuroscience and NRG Therapeutics (paid to institution). R.M. has scientific collaborations with Alector, Nodthera, Alchemab and Roche and is a consultant for Alector and Muna Therapeutics. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. L.V.D.B. is head of the Scientific Advisory Board of Augustine Therapeutics and is part of the Investment Advisory Board of Droia Ventures.