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Authors
Jude, Justin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0175-1856
Levi-Aharoni, Hadar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-6530
Acosta, Alexander J. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0352-8029
Allcroft, Shane B.
Nicolas, Claire https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7761-3943
Lacayo, Bayardo E.
Card, Nicholas S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6858-268X
Wairagkar, Maitreyee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9546-2843
Levin, Alisa D. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0517-4843
Brandman, David M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3224-7019
Stavisky, Sergey D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-0573
Willett, Francis R.
Williams, Ziv M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-0048
Simeral, John D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6855-1963
Hochberg, Leigh R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-2273
Rubin, Daniel B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-9587
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
American Heart Association (23SCEFIA1156586)
American Heart Association (23SCEFIA1156586)
Office of Research and Development (A2295R, A4820R)
Office of Research and Development (A2295R, A4820R, N2864C, A3803R)
Office of Research and Development (A2295R, A4820R)
Office of Research and Development (A4820R)
Office of Research and Development (A2295R, A4820R, A3803R)
Office of Research and Development (A2295R, A4820R, N2864C)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U01DC017844, R01DC014034)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U01DC017844)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U01DC017844, R01DC014034)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U01DC017844)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U01DC017844)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U01DC017844)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (K23DC021297)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS123101)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS123101)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS123101)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS123101)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS123101)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS123101)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS123101)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS123101)
A.P. Giannini Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | Army Medical Command | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (HT94252310153)
Simons Foundation (Pilot Award from the Simons Collaboration for the Global Brain (872146SPI))
Searle Scholars Program Career Award at the Scientific Interface from BWF
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2025
Accepted: 20 January 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Competing interests
: The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement with Axoft, Neuralink, Neurobionics, Precision Neuro, Synchron and Reach Neuro, for which L.R.H. provides consultative input. L.R.H. is a co-investigator on an NIH SBIR grant with Paradromics and is a non-compensated member of the Board of Directors of a nonprofit assistive communication device technology foundation (Speak Your Mind Foundation). The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement with Paradromics, for which DBR provides consultative input. Mass General Brigham is convening the Implantable Brain-Computer Interface Collaborative Community (iBCI-CC); charitable gift agreements to Mass General Brigham, including those received to date from Paradromics, Synchron, Precision Neuro, Neuralink and Blackrock Neurotech, support the iBCI-CC, for which L.R.H. provides effort. S.D.S. and F.R.W. are inventors on intellectual property owned by Stanford University that has been licensed to Blackrock Neurotech and Neuralink. M.W., S.D.S. and D.M.B. have patent applications related to speech BCI owned by the Regents of the University of California including intellectual property, which has been licensed to a neurotechnology startup. D.M.B. was a surgical consultant for Paradromics. S.D.S. is an advisor to Sonera and a consultant to Neuralink. N.S.C. is a visiting neuroengineer for Neuralink. The other authors declare no competing interests.
