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Authors
Brosler, Samantha C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5612-0982
Liu, Jessie R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-7624
Silva, Alexander B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0838-4136
Hallinan, Irina P.
Kurtz-Miott, Cady M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-0584
Dunkel Wilker, Jonah F. B. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7431-6422
Tu-Chan, Adelyn
Ganguly, Karunesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2570-9943
Chang, Edward F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-4700
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2012)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (5U01DC018671)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (5U01DC018671)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (5U01DC018671)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (5U01DC018671)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (5U01DC018671)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (5U01DC018671)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (5U01DC018671)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (5U01DC018671)
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Article History
Received: 1 May 2026
Accepted: 18 August 2026
First Online: 14 September 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: J.R.L. and E.F.C. are inventors on pending provisional UCSF patent applications that are relevant to neural decoding approaches described in this study. E.F.C. is also an inventor on patent applications PCT/US2020/028926 and PCT/US2020/043706, and on patent US9905239B2, and is cofounder of Echo Neurotechnologies. The other authors declare no competing interests.
