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Article History

Received: 6 October 2021

Accepted: 24 June 2022

First Online: 14 November 2022

Competing interests

: W.W. serves as a consultant for the National Sleep Foundation. E.B.K. receives support from the Gordon Research Conference, the Sleep Research Society, the Santa Fe Institute and DGSM (German Sleep Society); she has consultancies for Circadian Therapeutics, the National Sleep Foundation, the Puerto Rico Science Technology Trust and Sanofi-Genzyme; her partner owns Chronsulting. C.A.C. reports grants/contracts to BWH from Dayzz Live Well, Ltd., Delta Airlines, FAA, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, NHLBI, NIA, NIOSH, NASA, Puget Sound Pilots, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals/Sanofi and DOD; reports grants/gifts to Monash University from the CDC Foundation, with funding from BNY Mellon, and WHOOP; is/was a paid consultant or received lecture fees from Emory University, Inselspital Bern, UCLA, the Institute of Digital Media and Child Development, the Klarman Family Foundation, the National Council for Mental Wellbeing, the National Sleep Foundation, Physician’s Seal, the SRS Foundation, Tencent Holdings, Teva Pharma Australia, With Deep and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., in which he holds an equity interest; received travel support from the Aspen Brain Institute, the Bloomage International Investment Group, UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Bouley Botanicals, the Dr. Stanley Ho Medical Development Foundation, EBRS, the German National Academy of Sciences (Leopoldina), the National Safety Council, the National Sleep Foundation, Stanford Medical School, Tencent Holdings and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; receives research/education support through BWH from Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Avadel Pharmaceuticals, Beijing Zhaode Healthcare Management Consulting Co., Bryte, Alexandra Drane, Eisai, Harmony Biosciences, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Mary Ann & Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies, NeuroCare, Inc., Optum, Philips Respironics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Regional Home Care, ResMed, San Francisco Bar Pilots, Sanofi, Schneider, Simmons, Sleep Cycle, Sleep Number, Sysco, Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; is/was an expert witness in legal cases, including those involving Advanced Power Technologies, Aegis Chemical Solutions LLC, Amtrak, Casper Sleep Inc., C&J Energy Services, Catapult Energy Services Group, Covenant Testing Technologies, the Dallas Police Association, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Espinal Trucking/Eagle Transport Group/Steel Warehouse Inc., FedEx, Greyhound Lines Inc./Motor Coach Industries/FirstGroup America, PAR Electrical Contractors Inc., Product & Logistics Services LLC/Schlumberger Technology Corp/Gelco Fleet Trust, Puckett Emergency Medical Services LLC, Puget Sound Pilots, Union Pacific Railroad, United Parcel Service and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; serves as the incumbent of an endowed professorship provided to Harvard University by Cephalon, Inc.; and receives royalties from McGraw Hill and from Philips Respironics for the Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch Spectrum devices. C.A.C.’s interests were reviewed and are managed by the BWH and MGB in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. D.-J.D. was a paid consultant to F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pfizer Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S and Ono Pharma UK Ltd. and has received research support from Janssen Research & Development LLC, Eli Lilly and Company and GW Pharma. M.A.S.H. has provided paid limited consulting for The MathWorks, Inc. K.P.W. reports research support/donated materials: DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Grain Processing Corporation, and Friesland Campina Innovation Centre and being a consultant to and/or receiving personal fees from Circadian Therapeutics, Inc., Circadian Biotherapies, Inc., Philips, Inc, and U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command - Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, outside the submitted work.