Kim, Donggyu
Ha, Mingyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-3929
Cho, Seonghee
Kim, Jaewoo
Heo, Dasom https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-6822
Kim, Minsu
Malik, Peeyush
Park, Jeongwoo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-2329
Kim, Chulhong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-1257
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2020-NR049599)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-NR077260)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-17492968)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-03332968)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (RS-2024-00512879)
BK21 FOUR program
Hyundai Motor Group
Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 4 March 2026
First Online: 8 May 2026
Competing interests
: C.K. has financial interests in OPTICHO; however, it did not support this work. In addition, the authors and their institution (POSTECH) have filed patent applications related to the fabrication and use of TUTs for optical and PA imaging systems, which may be related to aspects of the work described in this manuscript. The other authors declare no competing interests.