Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM133646)
International Foundation for Ethical Research
Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 30 April 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Competing interests
: W.C. is an inventor (New York University) on a patent (no. 20240198337) for bone marrow on a chip technology and a patent (no. 20230032623) for tumour-on-a-chip technology. The other authors declare no competing interests.