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Article History

Received: 26 February 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: This research and the CLF Benchmark Study V2 began while the Carbon Leadership Forum (CLF) was hosted at the University of Washington (UW). After the CLF became an independent nonprofit in the spring of 2024, the study continued as a collaboration between UW and CLF. The CLF has been supported for over a decade with funding provided by sponsor organizations. Sponsors during the research period of this study who also contributed data to it included: Mead & Hunt, Inc., Arup, EHDD, GGLO, Glumac, KieranTimberlake, KPFF Consulting Engineers, LMN Architects, The Miller Hull Partnership, LLP., Perkins&Will, SERA Architects, and Walter P Moore. The data collection process for this study was open and available to any design company that could supply the required data types. All sponsor companies who contributed data to the study were treated equally to non-sponsors, as was their data. Two of the research staff for this research were former employees of data contributor companies. To avoid all potential biases, and as outlined in the Methods section, project anonymization was the first step in the data preparation process. Wherever possible, all projects and associated data were processed, analyzed, and recorded in the dataset using anonymized identifiers and without the research team’s knowledge of the data contributor company.