Xiong, Meicheng https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6227-6541
Zhu, Di https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3237-6032
Van Riper, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-2925
Funding for this research was provided by:
UM | Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota (1801-10964-21584-5672018)
UM | College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota (1000-10964-20042-5672018)
The DSI Medium/Large Seed Grant, Data Science Initiatives, University of Minnesota
Minnesota Population Center grant
Article History
Received: 10 March 2025
Accepted: 16 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.