Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2022-NR068758)
the Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)
Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 24 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.