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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Competing interests

: The following authors have declared conflicts of interest: JWT received research support from Acerta, Agios, Aptose, Array, AstraZeneca, Constellation, Genentech, Gilead, Incyte, Janssen, Kronos, Meryx, Petra, Schrodinger, Seattle Genetics, Syros, Takeda, and Tolero and serves on the advisory board for Recludix Pharm, AmMax Bio, and Ellipses Pharma. PCB sits on the Scientific Advisory Board of Intersect Diagnostics Inc. and previously sat on those of Sage Bionetworks and BioSymetrics Inc. VS is a consultant for Femtovox Inc. MD recieved research funding from Genzyme, Novartis; Honoraria from Novartis, Blueprint, Pfizer is a member on a board or advisory committee: for Genzyme, Novartis, Blueprint, Pfizer, Takeda, Cogent and is a consultant for Novartis, Blueprint, Pfizer, CTI, Incyte, Dava Oncology, Takeda, Dispersol, Syneos. TB serves as an advisor for Revolution Medicines, Relay, Novartis, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Genentech, AbbVie, BMS, Engine, Granule Therapeutics and receives research funding from Revolution Medicines, Verastem, Nextpoint. BD has a financial interest in the following companies that may have a commercial interest in the results of this research. This potential conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU. SAB: Cepheid (inactive), Novartis (inactive), RUNX1 Research Program; SAB & Stock: Aptose Biosciences, Blueprint Medicines, Enliven Therapeutics, Iterion Therapeutics, GRAIL (inactive), Recludix Pharma; Board of Directors & Stock: Amgen, Vincerx Pharma (inactive); Board of Directors: Burroughs Wellcome Fund; Joint Steering Committee: Beat AML LLS (uncompensated); Advisory Committee: Multicancer Early Detection Consortium (uncompensated), Malta North American Business Council (uncompensated); Founder: VB Therapeutics; Sponsored Research Agreement: Astra-Zeneca, DELiver Therapeutics, Immunoforge (inactive), Terns, Enliven Therapeutics (inactive), Recludix Pharma (inactive); Clinical Trial Funding: Novartis, Astra-Zeneca; Royalties from Patent 6958335 (Novartis exclusive license), OHSU and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (Merck exclusive license), OHSU – CytoImage, Inc. exclusive license, DELiver Therapeutics non-exclusive license, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company non-exclusive license); US Patents 4326534, 6958335, 7416873, 7592142, 10473667, 10664967, 11049247. EK has had sponsored research funded by Blueprint Medicine and Bristol Myers Squibb and is a member of the Cancer Cell Cycle-LLC consulting enterprise. AW has had sponsored research funded by Blueprint Medicine and Bristol Myers Squibb and currently receives research support from Aleksia Therapeutics. CW has received honoraria from EMD Serono, Guidepoint Global, and ACRO in addition to research funding from the OMS Foundation, AACR-Novocure, Varian Medical Systems, MuReva Phototherapy, and Tactile Medical. PT has consulted for Natsar Pharmaceuticals and also has a patent (Patent filed 3/9/2012. PCT/US2012/028475. PCT/WO/2012/122471) licensed with royalties to Natsar Pharmaceuticals. Other consulting/advisory role include Regeneron, Dendreon, Noxopharm, Janssen, Myovant Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pfzier, Novartis, Lantheus and has received research funding from Astellas Pharma, Reflexion Medical, Bayer Health.