Chen, Liangqiu
Li, Shiyong
Liu, Lei
Huang, Guanfeng
Zhuang, Yan
Chen, Zhencheng
Liang, Yongbo
Elgendi, Mohamed
Funding for this research was provided by:
Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research (FSU-2025-001)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62361013, 62101148 and U22A2092)
Article History
Received: 30 June 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. M. E. serves as Associate Editor for npj biosensing and had no role in the peer-review or decision to publish this manuscript.