Zelter, Alex
Wen, Yue Winnie
Riffle, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1633-8607
Czuba, Lindsay C.
Yadav, Aprajita S.
Zhu, Jerry
Snyder, Jessica M.
Maurais, Aaron
LaFrance, Jeffrey
Khandelwal, Saurabh
Chen, Judy Y.
Williams, Estell
Parr, Zoe
Kim, Daniel
Rubinow, Katya B.
MacCoss, Michael J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-0256
Isoherranen, Nina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9548-3126
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM111772)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01DK143511)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM111772)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (T32DK007247)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM111772)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (TL1TR002318)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM111772)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01DK137097)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM111772)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R24GM141156)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01DK137097)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01DK143511)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (T32GM007750)
Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Competing interests
: N.I. has consultancy agreements with Merck and Boehringer-Ingelheim. The MacCoss Lab at the University of Washington has a sponsored research agreement with Thermo Fisher Scientific, the manufacturer of the instrumentation used in this research. M.J.M. is a paid consultant for Thermo Fisher Scientific. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.