Tang, Jiankai
Wang, Kegang
Ding, Yingke
Ji, Jiatong
Wang, Yi
Wang, Zeyu
Zhang, Xiyuxing
Chen, Ping
Gao, Nan
Shi, Yuanchun
Wang, Yuntao
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (No.20257020004)
the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2024YFB4505500 & 2024YFB4505503)
Qinghai University Research Ability Enhancement Project (No. 2025KTSA05)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62366043 & 62472244)
the foundation of National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering (No. HFNKL2024W06)
Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 10 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.