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Authors
Ma, Sizhe
Flanigan, Katherine A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2454-5713
Bergés, Mario
Brooks, James D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Transportation | Federal Railroad Administration (693JJ623C000020)
Department of Transportation | Federal Railroad Administration (693JJ623C000020)
Department of Transportation | Federal Railroad Administration (693JJ623C000020)
Department of Transportation | Federal Railroad Administration (693JJ623C000020)
Pennsylvania Infrastructure Technology Alliance
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 27 May 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. Mario Bergés holds concurrent appointments at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and as an Amazon Scholar. This manuscript describes work at CMU and is not associated with Amazon.
