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Article History

Received: 7 December 2016

Accepted: 24 April 2017

First Online: 12 June 2017

Competing Interests

: L.K.B. has previously received research support from Cephalon, NFL charities, Sysco and San Francisco Bar Pilots. She has received consulting/lecture fees or served as a board member for Alertness Solution, Ceridian, Davis Joint Unified School Board, San Jose State University Foundation, Pugot Sound Pilots, Sygma and Torvec. RWP is a co-founder of and shareholder in Empatica Inc and Affectiva Inc and serves on the board of Empatica. She is inventor or co-inventor on over two dozen patents, mostly in the field of affective computing and physiological measurement. She has received royalty payments from MIT for patents licensed to Affectiva, consulting and honorarium payments from Merck, Samsung, Analog Devices, and fees for serving as an expert witness in cases involving wearable sensors from Apple and Intel. Her research is funded in part by a consortium that includes over 70 companies who fund the MIT Media Lab (up to date list is kept online at ) and includes project funding supporting her team’s work from Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, The Simons Foundation, The SDSC Global Foundation, NEC, LKK, Cisco, Deloitte, Steelcase, and Medimmune. She has received travel reimbursement from Apple, Future of Storytelling, Mattel/Fisher-Price, Microsoft, MindCare, Motorola, Planetree, Profectum, Sentiment Symposium, Seoul Digital, Silicon Valley Entrepreneurs Network, and Wired. AJKP holds a patent related to estimating physiological states from measurements of sleep and circadian rhythms. SWL has received consulting fees from Perceptive Advisors, Carbon Limiting Technologies Ltd on behalf of PhotoStar LED, Serrado Capital, Atlanta Hawks; and has current consulting contracts with Headwaters Inc., Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering, PlanLED, Delos Living LLC, Environmental Light Sciences LLC, Hintsa Performance AG, Pegasus Capital Advisors LP, Akili Interactive, Focal Point LLC, OpTerra Energy Services Inc., and Light Cognitive. SWL has received unrestricted equipment gifts from Bionetics Corporation and Biological Illuminations LLC; has equity or stock options in iSLEEP, Pty, Melbourne, Australia and Akili Interactive; advance author payment and/or royalties from Oxford University Press; honoraria plus travel, accommodation or meals for invited seminars, conference presentations or teaching from Estee Lauder, Lightfair, and Informa Exhibitions (USGBC); travel, accommodation and/or meals only (no honoraria) for invited seminars, conference presentations or teaching from FASEB, Hintsa Performance AG, Lightfair, and USGBC. SWL has completed investigator-initiated research grants from Biological Illumination LLC and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc and has an ongoing investigator initiated grant from F. Lux Software LLC; completed service agreements from Rio Tinto Iron Ore and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; and completed three sponsor-initiated clinical research contracts from Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. SWL holds a process patent for the use of short-wavelength light for resetting the human circadian pacemaker and improving alertness and performance which is assigned to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital per Hospital policy (2005). SWL has also served as a paid expert on behalf of several public bodies on arbitrations related to sleep, light, circadian rhythms and/or work hours for City of Brantford, Canada, and legal proceedings related to light, sleep and health (confidential). SWL is also a Program Manager for the CRC for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Australia. EBK received travel reimbursement from the Sleep Technology Council and has served as an expert witness in cases involving transportation safety and sleep deprivation. CAC has received consulting fees from or served as a paid member of scientific advisory boards for: Amazon.com, Inc.; A2Z Development Center; Bose Corporation; Boston Celtics; Boston Red Sox; Cephalon, Inc.; Citgo Inc.; Cleveland Browns; Columbia River Bar Pilots; Gerson Lehman Group; Institute of Digital Media and Child Development; Jazz Pharmaceuticals; Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.; Merck & Co. Inc.; Minnesota Timberwolves; Novartis; Portland Trail Blazers; Purdue Pharma; Quest Diagnostics, Inc.; Samsung Electronics; Sleep Multimedia, Inc.; Teva Pharmaceuticals; Valero Inc.; Vanda Pharmaceuticals; and Zeo Inc.. CAC has also received education/research support from Cephalon Inc., Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Mary Ann & Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies, National Football League Charities, Optum, Philips Respironics, ResMed Foundation, San Francisco Bar Pilots, Schneider Inc., Simmons, Sysco and Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The Sleep and Health Education Program of the Harvard Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine (which CAC directs) has received Educational Grant funding from Cephalon, Inc., Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd., Sanofi-Aventis, Inc., Sepracor, Inc. and Wake Up Narcolepsy. CAC is the incumbent of an endowed professorship provided to Harvard University by Cephalon, Inc. and holds a number of process patents in the field of sleep/circadian rhythms (e.g., photic resetting of the human circadian pacemaker). Since 1985, CAC has also served as an expert on various legal and technical cases related to sleep and/or circadian rhythms including those involving the following commercial entities: Bombardier, Inc.; Continental Airlines; FedEx; Greyhound; Purdue Pharma, L.P.; and United Parcel Service (UPS). CAC owns or owned an equity interest in Apple, Lifetrac, Inc., Microsoft, Somnus Therapeutics, Inc., Vanda Pharmaceuticals, and Zeo Inc. He received royalties from CNN, McGraw Hill, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, and Philips Respironics, Inc. for the Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch-Spectrum devices. CAC’s interests were reviewed and managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies.