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Article History

Received: 5 October 2018

Accepted: 14 March 2019

First Online: 29 March 2019

Competing Interests

: None of the following relationships reported by authors are related to the present article. O.M.B. received travel support and honoraria from Chevron for consulting. E.B.K. has consulted for Pfizer Inc. and a legal firm, and has received travel reimbursements from the Society for Reproductive Investigation, the Association for Professional Sleep Societies, Wire In-Brain Conference, the Sleep Technology Council, Free Health LLC, and the Employer Health Benefit Congress. S.W.L. has no conflicts of interest related to the current manuscript. He has current consulting contracts with Akili Interactive, Consumer Sleep Solutions, Delos Living LLC, Headwaters Inc., Hintsa Performance AG, Light Cognitive, Mental Workout, OpTerra Energy Services Inc., Pegasus Capital Advisors LP, and Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering; he has received unrestricted equipment gifts through the Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Biological Illuminations LLC; Bionetics Corporation; Philips Lighting; ResMed Inc and F. Lux Software LLC; he has served as a paid expert witness in arbitration and legal cases related to sleep, circadian rhythms, work hours and/or light; he serves as a Program Leader in the Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity. S.M.W.R. reports that he has served as a consultant through his institution to Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Philips Respironics, EdanSafe, The Australian Workers’ Union, National Transport Commission, and Transport Accident Commission, and has through his institution received research grants and/or unrestricted educational grants from Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Philips Lighting, Philips Respironics, Cephalon, and ResMed Foundation, Rio Tinto, and reimbursements for conference travel expenses from Vanda Pharmaceuticals. His institution has received equipment donations or other support from Optalert, Compumedics, and Tyco Healthcare. He has also served as an expert witness and/or consultant to shift work organizations. He serves as a Program Leader and a consultant to the Alertness CRC. M.R. reports receiving salary from Valkee Oy, Oulu, Finland as well as Shire Pharmaceuticals in Germany. M.R. also reports providing consulting services for Inteliclinic in Warsaw, Poland. C.A.C. is/was a paid consultant to Bose, Boston Celtics, Boston Red Sox, Columbia River Bar Pilots, Institute of Digital Media and Child Development, Jazz Pharma, Merck, Purdue Pharma, Quest Diagnostics, Samsung, Teva, Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and V-Watch/PPRS; has received lecture fees from Global Council on Brain Health/AARP, Integritas Communications Group, Maryland Sleep Society, National Sleep Foundation and Zurich Insurance Company, Ltd.; holds equity in Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; receives research/education support from Cephalon, Mary Ann & Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies, Jazz Pharma, Optum, ResMed, San Francisco Bar Pilots, Schneider, Simmons, Sysco, Koninklijke Philips Electronics, Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; is/was an expert witness in legal cases, including those involving Bombardier, Columbia River Bar Pilots, Continental Airlines, Fedex, Greyhound, Purdue Pharma, UPS; serves as the incumbent of a professorship endowed by Cephalon; and receives royalties from McGraw Hill, Houghton Miflin Harcourt, and Philips Respironics for the Actiwatch-2 & Actiwatch Spectrum devices. C.A.C.’s interests were reviewed and are managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. F.A.J.L.S. has received lecture fees from Bayer HealthCare, Sentara HealthCare, Philips, Vanda Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer.