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Article History

Received: 8 May 2021

Accepted: 8 December 2021

First Online: 29 December 2021

Competing interests

: BM received honoraria, consulting fees, and research grants from Medtronic (Meerbusch, Germany), Icotec AG (Altstätten, Switzerland), and Relievant Medsystems Inc., (Sunnyvale, CA, USA), honoraria, and research grants from Ulrich Medical (Ulm, Germany), honoraria and consulting fees from Spineart Deutschland GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany) and DePuy Synthes (West Chester, PA, USA), and royalties from Spineart Deutschland GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany). SK is consultant for Ulrich medical (Ulm, Germany) and Brainlab AG (Munich, Germany) and received honoraria from Nexstim Plc (Helsinki, Finland), Spineart Deutschland GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany), Medtronic (Meerbusch, Germany) and Carl Zeiss Meditec (Oberkochen, Germany). BM received research grants and is consultant for Brainlab AG (Munich, Germany). All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the materials used or the results presented in this study. All authors declare no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. This trial was funded entirely by institutional grants from the Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Munich, Germany, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar.