Cai, Anna W. T.
Manousakis, Jessica E.
Singh, Bikram
Kuo, Jonny
Jeppe, Katherine J.
Francis-Pester, Elly
Shiferaw, Brook
Beatty, Caroline J.
Rajaratnam, Shantha M. W.
Lenné, Michael G.
Howard, Mark E.
Anderson, Clare
Article History
Received: 11 November 2020
Accepted: 6 August 2021
First Online: 3 November 2021
Competing interests
: Jonny Kuo, Brook Shiferaw and Michael Lenne are employees of Seeing Machines Ltd. While the remaining authors report no conflicts of interests related to the results reported in this paper, in the interest of full disclosure: Anna Cai received Scholarship funding from the Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness Safety and Productivity. Jessica Manousakis has received contract research support from VicRoads/The Victorian Department of Transport. Shantha Rajaratnam. is the Director of the Sleep Health Foundation, and has received grants from Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Philips Respironics, Cephalon, Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton and Shell. He also has received equipment support and consultancy fees through his institution from Optalert, Compumedics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Circadian Therapeutics. He was the Program Leader for the Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness Safety and Productivity. Mark Howard has received research funding from the Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness Safety and Productivity, contract research support from Vicroads, Shell International, Rio Tinto and equipment support for research from Optalert and Seeing Machines. He has served as a consultant for Vicroads, the National Transport Commission, Victoria Police and Bus Safety Victoria and received lecturing fees from TEVA Pharmaceuticals, Biogen and Astra-Zeneca. Clare Anderson has received a research award/prize from Sanofi-Aventis; contract research support from VicRoads, Rio Tinto Coal Australia, National Transport Commission, Tontine/Pacific Brands, and AAA Foundation; industry funding through ARC Linkage scheme with Seeing Machines and Cogstate Ltd; and lecturing fees from Brown Medical School/Rhode Island Hospital, Ausmed, Healthmed and TEVA Pharmaceuticals; and reimbursements for conference travel expenses from Philips Healthcare. In addition, she has served as a consultant to the Rail, Bus and Tram Union, the Transport Accident Commission (TAC), the National Transportation Committee (NTC), VicRoads, and Melius Consulting. She has also served as an expert witness and/or consultant in relation to fatigue and drowsy driving, and was a Theme Leader in the Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity at the time of this work.