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Article History

Received: 6 May 2021

Accepted: 15 September 2021

First Online: 25 October 2021

Competing interests

: Dr. Dunlop has received research support from Acadia, Compass, Aptinyx, NIMH, Sage, and Takeda, and has served as a consultant to Greenwich Biosciences, Myriad Neuroscience, Otsuka, Sage, and Sophren Therapeutics. Dr. Rush has received consulting fees from Compass Inc., Curbstone Consultant LLC, Emmes Corp., Holmusk, Johnson and Johnson (Janssen), Liva-Nova, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., Otsuka-US, Sunovion; speaking fees from Liva-Nova, Johnson and Johnson (Janssen); and royalties from Guilford Press and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (for the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms and its derivatives). He is also named co-inventor on two patents: U.S. Patent No. 7,795,033: Methods to Predict the Outcome of Treatment with Antidepressant Medication, Inventors: McMahon FJ, Laje G, Manji H, Rush AJ, Paddock S, Wilson AS; and U.S. Patent No. 7,906,283: Methods to Identify Patients at Risk of Developing Adverse Events During Treatment with Antidepressant Medication, Inventors: McMahon FJ, Laje G, Manji H, Rush AJ, Paddock S. Dr. Mayberg receives consulting and intellectual property licensing fees from Abbott Neuromodulation. Dr. Krishnan is a holder of number of patents in the metabolomic and brain computer interface space some of which have been licensed to Chymia LLC and sublicensed to Psyprotalix. Dr. Kaddurah-Daouk in an inventor on a series of patents on use of metabolomics for the diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases and holds equity in Metabolon Inc. The other authors declare no competing interests.