Unger, Holger W.
Hadiprodjo, Anastasia Jessica
Gutman, Julie R.
Briand, Valerie
Fievet, Nadine
Valea, Innocent
Tinto, Halidou
D’Alessandro, Umberto
Landis, Sarah H.
Ter Kuile, Feiko
Ouma, Peter
Oneko, Martina
Mwapasa, Victor
Slutsker, Laurence
Terlouw, Dianne J.
Kariuki, Simon
Ayisi, John
Nahlen, Bernard
Desai, Meghna
Madanitsa, Mwayi
Kalilani-Phiri, Linda
Ashorn, Per
Maleta, Kenneth
Tshefu-Kitoto, Antoinette
Mueller, Ivo
Stanisic, Danielle
Cates, Jordan
Van Eijk, Anna Maria
Ome-Kaius, Maria
Aitken, Elizabeth H.
Rogerson, Stephen J.
Article History
Received: 7 December 2022
Accepted: 21 June 2023
First Online: 26 June 2023
Competing interests
: The authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: SHL is a full-time employee of BioMarin Pharmaceutical and holds shares in BioMarin Pharmaceutical. No other competing interests declared. The findings and conclusions presented in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not reflect the official position of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. JC was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health (Pre-doctoral Training in Infectious Disease Epidemiology grant #5 T32 AI070114). HWU is funded through a Menzies School of Health Research Fellowship. The STOPPAM project, “Strategies To Prevent Pregnancy-Associated Malaria”, was supported by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (EU FP7); STOPPAM contract number: 200889. The FSP/MISAME study (Burkina Faso) was funded by Nutrition Third World, The Belgium Ministry of Development, Flemish Interuniversity Council, and French Ministry of Development. The ECHO study (Democratic Republic of the Congo) was funded by the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. EMEP was partly supported by the Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP) Consortium, which was funded through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK and partly by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria through a cooperative agreement with Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya. The IPTp-MON study (Kenya) was partly supported by the MiP Consortium, which is funded through agrant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK and partly supported by the CDC. The ITN project (Kenya) was funded by the US Agency for International Development. The Special Health Support Fund from the Royal Netherlands Embassy (Nairobi, Kenya) provided additional support for the study of the impact of ITN in pregnancy. The Kisumu study (Kenya-2) was funded by US Agency for International Development (grants AOT0483-PH1-2171 and HRN-A-00-04-00010-02) and the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research. The STOPMIP study (Kenya) was funded by the Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP) Consortium, which is funded through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK. The ISTp study (Malawi) was partly supported by the Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP) Consortium, which is funded through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK and partly funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP). The LAIS study was supported by grants from the Academy of Finland (Grants 79787 and 207010), the Foundation for Pediatric Research in Finland, and the Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital. Azithromycin and its placebo were provided free of charge by Pfizer Inc (New York, New York), which also provided funding for the polymerase chain reaction testing of the sexually transmitted infections. The IPTp study (Papua New Guinea [PNG]) was funded by the MiP Consortium, through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (46099); the Pregvax Consortium, through a grant from the EU FP7-2007-HEALTH (PREGVAX 201588) and the Spanish Government (EUROSALUD 2008 Programme); and Pfizer Inc., through an investigator-initiated research grant (WS394663). The Sek study (PNG) was supported by AusAID (grant to PNG Institute of Medical Research [IMR]), the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; Australian Research Council; Wellcome Trust; and Veterans Affairs Research Service. The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute is supported by the NHMRC Infrastructure for Research Institutes Support Scheme and Victorian State Government Operational Infrastructure Support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.