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Article History

Received: 6 February 2023

Accepted: 27 October 2023

First Online: 10 November 2023

Competing interests

: CBal, CBan, MB, TB, PC, SE, TF, SJG, CJH, EH, JI, CJ, TL, SGM, DKM, IS, KS, AKT, JT, LV, CV & GW have nothing to disclose. BEOJ reports research grants from Gilead, GSK, and Roche, travel support from Gilead, honoraria for lectures/presentations from Gilead, GSK, and Fresenius Medical Care, served on advisory boards for Gilead, and is an (unpaid) member of the COVRIIN expert group at the Robert-Koch-Institute. IKP reports research support from the German MS Society, Celgene, Novartis, Roche, and Teva, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Almirall, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Teva, and served on advisory boards for Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Janssen, Medscape, and Novartis. AS reports research grants from the German Research Foundation, consulting fees from Abbott and Medtronic Inc., and speaker honoraria from Abbott, Boston Scientific, Medtronic Inc., and Novartis. PA reports research grants, speaker honoraria and travel support from Allergan, Abbvie, Biogen, Janssen Cilag, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Sanofi/Genzyme, Ipsen, Merck, Merz, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and speaker honoraria from Lilly, Sandoz, Teva.