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Article History

Received: 19 October 2023

Accepted: 20 August 2024

First Online: 2 September 2024

Competing interests

: The Centre for Gambling Research at UBC is supported by the Province of British Columbia government and the BCLC. LC holds a Discovery Award from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada). KZ held the Graduate Fellowship in Gambling Research, a fellowship supported by the BCLC and adjudicated by the UBC Faculty of Arts. KZ held the Graduate Fellowship in Gambling Research (2021–2022), a fellowship supported by the BCLC and adjudicated by the UBC Faculty of Arts. LC is the Director of the Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, which is supported by funding from the Province of British Columbia and the BCLC. The Province of BC government and the BCLC had no role in the preparation of this manuscript, and imposed no constraints on publishing. LC has received remuneration from the International Center for Responsible Gaming (travel; speaker honoraria; academic services), the Institut fur Glucksspiel und Gesellschaft (Germany; travel; speaker honoraria), GambleAware (UK; academic services), Gambling Research Australia (academic services), Alberta Gambling Research Institute (Canada; travel; academic services), German Foundation for Gambling Research (advisory board; travel). He has been remunerated for legal consultancy by the BCLC. LC receives an honorarium for his role as Co-Editor-in-Chief for International Gambling Studies from Taylor & Francis, and he has received royalties from Cambridge Cognition Ltd. relating to neurocognitive testing. KZ and LC have not received any further direct or indirect payments from the gambling industry or groups substantially funded by gambling. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.