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Article History

Received: 6 April 2024

Accepted: 26 August 2024

First Online: 30 August 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The MIMIC-IV database used in the present study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (No. 2001-P-001699/15). Study samples were collected from eICU-CRD and MIMIC-IV at PhysioNet (). Access to this database (Approval ID: 10734458) was granted to Dr. Shouqiang Zhu from the Graduate School of Air Force Medical University, who was responsible for data extraction.

: We would like to clarify that the MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD databases, utilized in this study, do not require informed consent as they contain de-identified patient information. All data accessed from these databases were anonymized and comply with relevant privacy regulations. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the institutional guidelines for research involving human subjects. The need for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, as the data were de-identified and anonymized prior to use.