Bello, Olufunmilayo Esther
Ogundele, Olorunfemi Akinbode
Okunlola, Oluyemi Adewale
Article History
Received: 13 July 2024
Accepted: 28 August 2024
First Online: 2 September 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Permission to use the 2018 NDHS dataset for the study was sought and obtained from ICF International. Because we used a secondary dataset, all the information that could be used to identify the respondents was already removed by ICF International, and there was no attempt to identify any household or individual respondent interviewed in the survey. The 2018 NDHS protocol was approved by Nigeria’s National Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC/01/01/2007). Equally, the ICF Institutional Review Board approves all DHS to ensure they follow the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ethical standards and regulations for the respect of human subjects. Detailed information on the ethical processes involved in the DHS program can be accessed at