Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 June 2024

Accepted: 28 August 2024

First Online: 9 September 2024

Competing interests

: D. Squirrell is a co-founder and medical advisor at Toku Eyes Limited NZ. S. An are employees of Toku Eyes Limited NZ. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

: This study is a retrospective study of the medical records captured in the UK Biobank. UK Biobank has been granted approval from the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee as a Research Tissue Bank approval (RTB). This approval from the North West Multi-Center Research Ethics Committee waives informed consent, meaning researchers do not require separate ethical clearance and can operate under RTB approval. The RTB approval was granted in 2011 and was renewed in 2021. As per UK Biobank’s de-identification protocol, the UK Biobank provides de-identified data to researchers in a manner that preserves the anonymity of its participants and, as far as practically possible, does not enable participants to be inadvertently identified. A material transfer agreement between our research group and UK Biobank was finalized on the 28th of March 2022 under application number 86299.