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Article History

Received: 22 May 2024

Accepted: 4 November 2024

First Online: 6 November 2024

Declarations

:

: YS, YT, and MS have no conflicts of interest. YK reports. grants and personal fees from Ono, Taiho, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Nippon Kayaku, and MSD; personal fees from Bayer and Yakult; and grants from IQVIA, Astellas, Nippon Zoki, Shionogi, EPS, Eisai, and the National Cancer Center outside of the submitted work.

: All procedures involving human participants performed in this study were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study, formal consent was waived by the Ethical Review Board for Life Science and Medical Research of the Hokkaido University Hospital.

: For this type of study Formal consent was not required for this study.