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Authors
Cai, XiaoTao
Xian, Yi
Liu, TongYi
Zhou, YuXin
Chen, Qing
Cui, HaoNan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Annual Project of the Sichuan University Student Sports Association (23CDTXQ002, 23CDTXQ002)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Sichuan University (2024PE012)
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Article History
Received: 19 January 2025
Accepted: 30 April 2025
First Online: 5 May 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin. This study is based on the public databases of the PISA 2018 assessment (OECD). Data collection for OECD-PISA studies is under the responsibility of the governments from the participating countries.
