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Authors
Sun, Miao
Niu, Shaoqing
Wu, Jinwen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province (202303021221042, 202403021221119)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51504220)
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2024
Accepted: 30 April 2025
First Online: 5 May 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Miao Sun: Conducted the experiments, analyzed the experimental data, and contributed to the drafting of the manuscript. Shaoqing Niu: Conceived and designed the study, supervised the research process, and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content (corresponding author). Jinwen Wu: Contributed to data interpretation, theoretical modeling, and validation of the damage constitutive models. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
